xenophobic propaganda and there is no arguing with them. Immigrants are good for our economy. Among other things: they are generally young and increase the base of support for social security and Medicare.

Also it is ethically dubious that these people pay taxes and are denied services.

Is it all through use of a valid SSN, or does the system accept payments from invalid SSNs and basically just ignore the source?
Companies aren't allowed to hire or keep undocumented workers, and get fined if they do.
The detailed report answered some questions. The methodology is fascinating!
I'd never heard of an ITIN.

How does someone who is undocumented pay federal/social security tax? They have no number
Sales tax I get, everyone pays that

Some of those are highlighted at the end of the report.

[2] See methodology section for more information on the calculation of estimated tax payments by undocumented immigrants.

[3] See methodology section for more information about current personal income tax compliance.

ITEP (2024). “Who Pays? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States. Seventh Edition.” Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.

I hired a lady from Mexico to clerk in the office where I worked. I picked her because we had a lot of Spanish speakers in the company and she was fluent in both languages. She gave me a SS card and a green card, which I copied and put in a file.
I was a kid. I didn’t think anything of it.

Six months later she told me her papers were fake. She talked about how she was paying into SS out of every check and would never get credit for it. I was able to help her get her real green card. Don’t know how that would work these days.

for employer/employee.

will never take anything out. They are the ones propping up the system.