Something like that would work for people living in a city without a yard to plant in. I save seeds from year to year of my favorite plants and start them on windowsills in late winter/early spring.

Did a quick Google search and found this website that discusses it.

https://modernfarmer.com/2013/07/straw-bale-gardening/

telling the story of our unique dwarf tomato breeding project

This is a link to a site that describes how to use pallets to make raised beds to grow shallow rooted crops:

https://thefarmerslamp.com/diy-free-pallet-garden-in-4-easy-steps/

There are lots of YouTube videos on this and here is just one example made by a beer drinking, cussing Canadian:

I always see where people are using them for inexpensive projects but I never see them anywhere for free or otherwise. Where are people getting these free/cheap pallets?

Reuse - whether seed starting plug flats, containers, spent straw bales, garden stakes, even the planting mix in containers (with a major caveat - as long as the plants grow well....if something dire takes them down, then one should toss and start fresh).

Go inexpensive or free - basic heat mats, the big containers that shrubs and trees come in, or even wind up on highway median strips. Often nurseries have stacks of pots and trays that they are looking to offload - just ask.

Avoid fancy solutions (plant clips) and go with a big ball of sisal twine for tying vining plants to stakes

Grow your support - use Bamboo for stakes, instead of purchasing them from big box stores

Join a seed saving or sharing organization or use a seed library - and educate yourself on the longevity of various seeds (for example, tomato seeds will germinate well for at least 14 years).

Start your own seeds, rather than overpaying for individual plants - and plant them thickly (I use 50 cell plug flats and plant up to 50 seeds in each - transplant to individual containers once they are big enough - you can then donate or sell your extras).

I hunt, fish and forage. Lucky to live where I do as all of that is just outside my door.

All parts are edible, though older stems may be too tough for a goat to graze and when dormant in winter you'd have to dig up the tubers. But viewed as a forager garden it couldn't get more frugal or efficient, as long as it's on someone else's land.

I'm working on my 1800 plus square foot garden and it's my plan to grow every year a group of vegetables that could provide me and my wife sustenance for several months if things go bad.

The criteria is that they:

Be relatively easy to grow
Are relatively east to store
Have a relatively long shelf life

I have full basements in two homes and it's my intent to use the basement of the small home which we pretty much close down for the winter as a root cellar. So what I'm plan on doing may not be applicable to your situation as you may not have the space for a large enough garden or have space to store the vegetables.

So here's my list:

Potatoes- properly stored, certain cultivars of potatoes, such as Elba, Katahdin, Red Chieftain, Yukon Gold, Burbank Russet, German Butterball, Yukon Gem, Rose Finn Apple Fingerling and Russian Banana Fingerling, can last for 6 months or more.

Winter Squash-Butter Nut and Blue Hubbard can last 6-7 months and one can harvest seeds from them for the following year's crop.

Pumpkin-Certain varieties of pumpkin can last up to 2-3 months.

Cabbage-If you make it into sauerkraut, this can last for many months if properly stored. I've made sauerkraut before in buckets and I just had the buckets sitting on the basement floor. I'm going to make some more this fall as my father-in-law has lots of cabbage growing in his garden.

Carrots and parsnips- With proper preparation, carrots and parsnips can be left in the ground and harvested as needed. I've never tried this but I'll give it a shot. The trick is to plant the carrots and parsnips at the right time so that they have matured when cold weather sets in. The link also provides info on other methods of storing.

Onions-The right varieties of onions properly stored can last for months.

Dry beans-While harvesting and curing dry beans may be time consuming, dried beans are about the easiest to store as they can be kept in a suitable container in a pantry.

Other then stocking up on pickling or kosher salt for making sauerkraut, once my method of storage is set up, I should be able to use it year after year without having to purchase other ingredients or items such as canning lids.

Keeping some potatoes and dried beans for seed and harvesting seeds from the pumpkins and winter squash for future crops is simple. Harvesting seeds from cabbage, carrots, parsnips is more involved but can be done.

So I'm sure you all know about the vinegar and soap trick for dealing with weeds already. What not everyone may know though is that you can use just use boiling water instead and it'll be enough to kill just about weeds you pour it onto. You can save a lot on weed prevention too by buying generic corn gluten meal. When you buy an organic weed preventer like Preen's organic product its usually 100% corn gluten meal, buying from them or another company is usually just paying extra for the brand name.

Using cardboard or news paper as mulch is another cost saving shortcut I've done in the past. Grass clippings can be used as mulch too which are also high in nitrogen so great for the soil.

Pigweed

Dandelion

Clover

Purslane

This past summer, I've made salads of the above.

https://morningchores.com/edible-weeds/

The layout of the vegetable garden is complete and this year I was able to plant a 40' row of asparagus, a 40' row of raspberries, a 40' row of blueberries to the east of the vegetable garden and a 30' row of honeyberries to the south and running perpendicular to the aforementioned.

Further to the east of that, i have plots ready for fruit trees which I hope to start planting next year.