...

In this experiment from his book (pp. 5–8),[2] Newton visualizes a stone (you could also use a cannonball) being projected on top of a very high mountain. If there were no forces of gravitation or air resistance, the body should follow a straight line away from Earth, in the direction that it was projected. If a gravitational force acts on the projectile, it will follow a different path depending on its initial velocity. If the speed is low, it will simply fall back on Earth. (A and B) for example horizontal speed of 0 to 7,000 m/s for Earth.

...

If the speed is the orbital speed at that altitude, it will go on circling around the Earth along a fixed circular orbit, just like the Moon. (C) for example horizontal speed of at approximately 7,300 m/s for Earth.

...

If the speed is higher than the orbital velocity, but not high enough to leave Earth altogether (lower than the escape velocity), it will continue revolving around Earth along an elliptical orbit. (D) for example horizontal speed of 7,300 to approximately 10,000 m/s for Earth.

...

Revolving or rotating energy has been an integral part of the universe since the dawn of time. It is the basis of the fundamental laws of motion, such as inertia, centripetal force and centrifugal force. These laws describe how objects move and interact with one another in their environment. It is also the basis of the conservation of angular momentum, which is the sum of the angular momentum of each object in the system.

On a larger scale, revolving or rotating energy can be seen in the orbits of the planets around the Sun, in the rotation of galaxies, and in the ring systems of some of the outermost objects in the Solar System. The recent discovery of a ring system around a trans-Neptune object is a great example of how revolving energy can manifest itself in the universe.

The idea that revolving or rotating energy could be used to propel a spacecraft was understood by the Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the late 19th century. He proposed that a spacecraft could be launched into a circular orbit around Earth by spinning it on its axis. This concept was later adopted by the Soviet Union when they launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, in 1957. Sputnik was spun on its axis as it was launched, allowing it to enter a stable orbit around Earth. This demonstrated the potential of revolving or rotating energy in space travel and exploration.